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Nature of the Indian Constitution- Principles of Federalism, Unitary, Quasi-federal

The Indian Constitution is often described as quasi-federal , combining both federal and unitary principles to suit India's unique requirements. Here's a detailed discussion with relevant case laws: 1. Federal Principles of the Indian Constitution Federalism refers to the division of powers between the Centre and the States. India exhibits these principles as follows: (a) Dual Government India has a dual polity with governments at the Centre and in the States, operating within their respective spheres as defined by the Seventh Schedule . (b) Division of Powers The Seventh Schedule provides for: Union List : Subjects of national importance (e.g., defense, foreign affairs). State List : Subjects of local importance (e.g., police, agriculture). Concurrent List : Shared subjects (e.g., education, forests). Case Law : State of West Bengal v. Union of India (1963) The Supreme Court held that the Indian Constitution is not "absolutely federal" but contains...
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What is the evolutionary reason for humans having arms and legs but no tails?

  The evolutionary reason for humans having arms and legs but no tails is primarily due to the shift in locomotion and balance mechanisms as our ancestors adapted to different environments 1 2 3 4 . Arms and Legs : The development of arms and legs in humans is tied to our ancestors’ transition from aquatic to terrestrial environments. These limbs helped in movement and manipulation of the environment, which was crucial for survival. Absence of Tails : Humans, along with other great apes like chimps, gorillas, and orang-utans, do not have tails 1 . This is likely due to the shift towards an upright posture and bipedal locomotion 1 3 . In many animals, tails serve as a counterbalance and aid in movement, especially running 1 . However, as humans and their immediate ancestors started walking upright, the tail became less necessary for balance 1 3 . Moreover, a tail could have been a hindrance to the type of locomotion seen in apes, such as swinging from branch to branch 1 . Interestin...
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OpenAI Unveils 'o3' Reasoning AI Models in Test Phase

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OpenAI Unveils 'o3' Reasoning AI Models in Test Phase  OpenAI has announced the testing phase of its latest reasoning AI models, o3 and o3 mini, marking a significant advancement in artificial intelligence capabilities. These models are designed to enhance problem-solving skills, particularly in complex domains such as science, coding, and mathematics.  Enhanced Reasoning Capabilities:- The o3 model represents a substantial improvement over its predecessor, o1, achieving higher scores on various benchmarks that assess complex coding-related skills and advanced math and science competencies. Notably, it performs three times better than o1 in answering questions posed by ARC-AGI, a benchmark designed to test AI models' ability to reason over extremely difficult mathematical and logic problems they encounter for the first time.  Testing and Release Timeline:- Currently, both o3 and o3 mini are undergoing internal safety testing. OpenAI has invited external researchers to app...
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