LINGARAJ MAHAKUD

CSIR-UGC National Eligibility Test (NET) for Junior Research Fellowship and Lecturer-ship LIFE SCIENCES 1. Molecules and their Interaction Relevant to Biology 2. Cellular Organization 3. Fundamental Processes 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling 5. Developmental Biology 6. System Physiology – Plant 7. System Physiology – Animal 8. Inheritance Biology 9. Diversity of Life Forms 10. Ecological Principles 11. Evolution and Behavior 12. Applied Biology 13. Methods in Biology 1. MOLECULES AND THEIR INTERACTION RELAVENT TO BIOLOGY A. Structure of atoms, molecules and chemical bonds. B Composition, structure and function of biomolecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids and vitamins). C. Stablizing interactions (Van der Waals, electrostatic, hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interaction, etc.). D Principles of biophysical chemistry (pH, buffer, reaction kinetics, thermodynamics, colligative properties). E. Bioenergetics, glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, coupled reaction, g...

Eukaryotic Cell: Overview Eukaryotic cells are complex cells that have a defined nucleus enclosed within a membrane and various specialized organelles. These cells are found in plants, animals, fungi, and protists. Key Structures and Functions: 1. Nucleus Structure: Large, membrane-bound organelle containing the cell’s genetic material (DNA). Function: Controls the cell’s activities, including growth, metabolism, and reproduction. It is the "command center" of the cell. 2. Cell Membrane (Plasma Membrane ) Structure: A phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins. Function: Regulates the entry and exit of substances, protecting the cell and allowing communication with the external environment. 3. Cytoplasm Structure: Jelly-like substance between the nucleus and the cell membrane. Function: Holds the organelles and provides a medium for biochemical reactions. 4. Mitochondria Structure: Double-membrane-bound organelle. Function: Generates energy (ATP) through cellular respiration...

 Distribution of Cryptogams in India and their ecological and economic importance Cryptogams are a group of non-seed vascular plants that include ferns, mosses, liverworts, and algae. They play a significant role in India's ecosystems and have both ecological and economic importance. Here's an overview of the distribution, ecological, and economic significance of cryptogams in India: **Distribution of Cryptogams in India:** - **Ferns:** Ferns are widely distributed throughout India. They are found in various habitats, from moist forests to arid regions. Common species include Nephrolepis, Dryopteris, and Pteridium. - **Mosses and Liverworts:** These non-vascular plants are found in damp and shady areas, such as forests, stream banks, and on moist rocks. Mosses like Funaria and Polytrichum, and liverworts like Marchantia, are common. - **Algae:** Algae are diverse and occur in a wide range of aquatic environments, including freshwater bodies, marine habitats, and even in terrest...

Pteridophytes structure and reproduction   definition :- Pteridophytes are a group of vascular plants that do not produce seeds but instead reproduce by spores. These plants are characterized by their well-developed vascular systems, including roots, stems, and leaves (fronds). They represent an ancient group of land plants, often referred to as ferns and their relatives, and are an intermediate stage in plant evolution between non-vascular plants (like mosses) and seed-bearing plants (like angiosperms and gymnosperms). Pteridophytes are known for their ability to grow in a variety of habitats and exhibit diverse forms, ranging from small, delicate ferns to tree-sized horsetails and tree ferns. The structure of pteridophytes The structure of pteridophytes, which include ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns, and tree ferns, shares common characteristics that distinguish them from other plant groups. Here is an overview of the typical structure of pteridophytes: 1. **Roots:** 2. - ...

Lichens structure and reproduction.  Here's a definition of lichens: **Lichens** are unique and symbiotic organisms formed through a mutualistic association between a fungus (the mycobiont) and a photosynthetic partner, which is typically a green alga or a cyanobacterium (the photobiont). This mutualistic relationship results in a distinctive, often slow-growing, composite organism that can thrive in various environments, from rocks and tree bark to soil and even harsh climates. Lichens play essential ecological roles and are highly resilient to environmental extremes. Structure of Lichens IT is forther devided into 3 types 1) Crustose Crustose lichens are a type of lichen with a crust-like structure. They tightly adhere to the substrate, which can be rock, soil, or tree bark, without forming any distinct three-dimensional structures. Here's a concise description of the structure of crustose lichens: **Structure of Crustose Lichens:** - Crustose lichens have a crust-like, flat ...

structure and reproduction of algae Structure of Algae : 1. Cell Types :    - Algae encompass a wide range of cell types. They can be unicellular, colonial (groups of cells), or multicellular.    - Unicellular algae, such as Chlamydomonas, consist of a single cell that performs all vital functions including photosynthesis.    - Multicellular algae like seaweeds have specialized structures with differentiated cells for various functions. 2. Chloroplasts :    - Chloroplasts are the key organelles in algae responsible for photosynthesis. They contain chlorophyll, which captures light energy.    - The number, shape, and arrangement of chloroplasts can vary among different algal groups.    - The presence of different pigments, such as chlorophylls and carotenoids, gives algae their characteristic colors. For example, green algae contain chlorophylls, making them green, while red algae contain phycoerythrin, giving them a red or purp...

 Bandhan Bank Authorized by RBI for Civil Pension Disbursement In a significant development, Bandhan Bank has been granted authorization by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) to serve as an authorized pension disbursement bank. This authorization is in association with the Central Pension Accounting Office (CPAO), a part of the Ministry of Finance. The bank is set to collaborate closely with the CPAO to initiate and streamline the process of disbursing civil pensions. Empowering Financial Services for Civil Pensioners Bandhan Bank’s newfound role as an authorized pension disbursement bank bears substantial implications for a range of beneficiaries. This authorization enables the bank to effectively disburse pensions to a variety of recipients: Central Government Employees: The bank is entrusted with the responsibility of disbursing pensions to retired individuals from Civil Ministries and Departments, excluding Railways, Posts, and Defence. Territorial Scope: Bandhan Bank’s role exten...

Tata Steel and ACME Group Join Forces For India’s Largest Green Hydrogen Project  In a significant partnership, ACME Group, a prominent renewable energy company, has joined forces with Tata Steel Special Economic Zone Ltd. (TSSEZL) to establish an expansive green hydrogen and green ammonia project within Odisha’s Gopalpur Industrial Park. This venture is poised to become the largest facility of its kind in India, marking a significant stride towards sustainable energy production. India’s Largest Green Hydrogen Project Overview: The project is set to be situated at the Gopalpur Industrial Park (GIP) in Odisha, strategically chosen for its logistical advantages and existing infrastructure. ACME Group has secured 343 acres of land within TSSEZL’s GIP to house the green hydrogen and derivatives unit, underlining their commitment to eco-friendly energy solutions. The estimated investment for the entire project amounts to Rs 27,000 crore, to be invested in progressive phases, reflecting ...